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The Kipchak (also spelled Qipchaq, Kypchak, Kupchak〔https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLw-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA36 〕 or Kıpçak) were a Turkic〔Encyclopædia Britannica Online -(''Kipchak'' )〕 nomadic people. Originating in the Kimek Khanate, they conquered large parts of the Eurasian steppe during the Turkic expansion of the 11th and 12th centuries together with the Cumans, and were in turn conquered by the Mongol invasions of the early 13th century. The Cuman-Kipchak confederation was a predecessor of the Kazakh Khanate and, later, modern-day Kazakhstan.〔Vásáry, István, ''Cumans and Tatars: Oriental military in the pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 6; "..two Turkic confederacies, the Kipchaks and the Cumans, had merged by the twelfth century.".〕 The name may occasionally be spelled in other languages, such as (アラビア語:قفجاق), ''Qifjāq''; (ペルシア語:قبچاق), ''Qabčāq''; (グルジア語:ყივჩაყი, ყივჩაღი); (トルコ語:Kıpçak); Crimean Tatar: ''Kıpçaq''; Karachay-Balkar: Къыпчакъ; (ウズベク語:Qipchoq, Қипчоқ); Uyghur: قىپچاق, ''Qipchaq'', қiпчақ; ; Kumyk: Къыпчакъ; Kyrgyz: Кыпчак; Nogai: Кыпчак; (中国語:欽察/钦察), ''Qīnchá''. They are called ''Polovtsy'' in Russian and Ukrainian. The Kipchaks described their name as meaning 'hollow tree', as it was, according to them, inside a hollow tree that their original human ancestress gave birth to her son.〔Julian Baldick, (Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia ), p.55.〕 ==History== The Kipchaks were a tribal confederation that originally settled on the River Irtysh, possibly connected to the Kimäks. According to Ukrainian anthropologists, Kipchaks had racial characteristics of Caucasians and Mongoloids, namely a broad flat face and protruding nose. Researcher E. P. Alekseeva drew attention to the fact that European Kipchak stone images have both Mongoloid and Caucasoid faces. However, in her opinion, Kipchaks, who settled in Georgia in the first half of the 12th century, were predominantly Caucasoid in appearance with some admixture of Mongoloid traits. They were already joined by Cumans, who had originated east of the Yellow River.〔István Vásáry (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press.〕 In the course of the Turkic expansion they migrated into Siberia and further into the Trans-Volga region. Eventually they occupied a vast territory in the Eurasian steppe, stretching from north of the Aral Sea westward to the region north of the Black Sea, establishing a state known as ''Desht-i Qipchaq''.. Cumans expanded further westward, by the 11th century reaching Moldavia, Wallachia, and part of Transylvania. In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans and Kipchaks became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus', Hungarians (Cuman involvement only), and the Pechenegs (Cuman involvement only), allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, and again by Knyaz Vladimir Monomakh of the Rus in the 12th century. They sacked Kiev in 1203. They were finally crushed by the Mongols in 1241. During the Mongol empire, Kipchaks constituted a majority of the Kipchak Khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, and were called the Golden Horde – the westernmost division of the Mongol empire. After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde rulers continued to hold Saraj until 1502. The Cumans fled to Hungary, and some of their warriors became mercenaries for the Latin crusaders and the Byzantines. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamluks in Egypt, were Kipchaks/Cumans; one of the most prominent examples was Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea. Some Kipchaks served in the Yuan dynasty and became the Kharchins. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kipchaks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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